How Socrates Influences Our Lives Today
Socrates (ca. 470-399 BC) is not just another "dead
white male" despised by our university elite but a man whose
philosophical breakthroughs reverberate down through the centuries
and profoundly affect us today. Athens in the fifth century BC was
the age of Pericles. The grandiose construction projects undertaken
by Pericles such as the Parthenon were being built during Socrates'
lifetime.
Philosophically, Athens was in a time of confusion,
flux and disarray. The pre-socratic philosophers, namely the sophists
such as Protagorus, Gorgias and Thrasymachus were teaching moral
relativism in their philosophical schools. The term "sophist"
means "wise man" and these wise men implicitly regarded
their own personal wisdom as the foundation of understanding right
behavior.
Protagorus, Gorgias and Thrasymachus were not native
to Athens and had traveled extensively. In their travels they had
seen that what was forbidden in one culture was permitted or even
encouraged in another. This led them to the erroneous conclusion
that morals are relative and therefore there is no foundation of
truth or firm way of determining right and wrong.
The term "sophistry" today has negative
connotations as well it should. Since the sophists believed morals
were relative they descended into philosophical pragmatism which
is the idea that the best philosophy is that which is practical
or that which "works" regardless of its moral implications.
Pragmatism is very popular in western civilization
today. The pragmatist philosophy of the American philosopher William
James is a flowering of modernist sophistry. In the West we now
have a situation similar to that of ancient Athens. The ancient
sophists charged high fees for their courses of instruction and
this too was a departure from Athenian tradition which had always
maintained that philosophers not charge for their instruction. Socrates
was trained by the sophists but could only afford the short course.
The sophists taught rhetoric which is the art of
verbal persuasion. Since the sophists made no firm truth claims
so they just taught how to persuade. Each man made up his own truth
and the more clever could persuade others.
Socrates saw the emptiness of this and feared for
his city that the sophists, through their relativism, would destroy
the foundation of morals and eventually lead to an extinction of
ethics and a return to barbarism. Socrates' approach to the situation
was to look to the intellect to try to discover the foundation of
truth. He looked to the human conscience. Socrates had stumbled
onto one of God's ways of giving revelation to man.
The Bible in Romans 2: 14-15 tells us that Gentiles
who do not have God's written book, the Bible, do have their consciences
which tell them right from wrong.
All people throughout human history have the inward
witness of conscience which regardless of cultural training gives
witness to God's will. The Bible also teaches that all people have
the witness of nature (Psalm 19: 1-3; Romans 1: 19-20) which reveals
things about God. Socrates had no Bible but was not totally without
access to revelation of God's will. God has given light to all people
including Socrates. Socrates did his best to live by the light he
had.
I do not claim to know whether or not Socrates
ever came to true repentance and received eternal life. I do believe
that he made philosophical breakthroughs that brought about moral
reform.
Socrates preferred argumentation over rhetoric.
He sought to tease out a solid definition of virtue. His form of
argumentation is called "dialectic." Dialectic is the
practice of examining statements logically through question and
answer. Thus arose the famous "Socratic questioning."
You can imagine how annoyed the older sophist philosophers
were by this smart young man asking embarrassing questions. They
could not answer his questions and their inadequate answers revealed
the logical absurdities of the sophist positions.
Socrates changed the course of philosophy and is
a hero to those of us who stand up for principle against persuasive
demagogues. Later on Athens lost a war with Sparta and in that turmoil
Socrates' enemies were able to level charges against him which resulted
in a death sentence. The parallels between Socrates' Athens and
contemporary western civilization are inescapable. Universities
are currently rife with sophistry. Moral relativism, the idea that
there is no real right or wrong, that each person makes up his own
morals is taught in the college classroom.
At first glance moral relativism appears to be
open minded and tolerant but since it provides no basis for right
behavior it threatens the erasure of ethics and a return to barbarism.
There are three worldviews:
1) The modern worldview is the idea that absolute
truth exists and that it can be discovered by human reason alone
independent of the Bible or any other verbal revelation from God.
2) The postmodern worldview is the idea that no
absolute truth exists and that truth is relative, truth is purely
subjective and is created by each individual human mind.
3) The Christian worldview is that God has given
us absolute truth through His divinely inspired book, the Bible
and God has also given absolute truth through the human conscience
and also through nature (God's laws are embedded in nature which
is the concept of natural law).
Right now there are millions of young people who
see themselves as being in the same position as Socrates. These
young people see through the sophistry of the university elite.
The difference is that while Socrates had no Bible these young people
are born again Christians who know their Bibles and receive from
the Bible a clear instruction of God's morality. There is an army
of these holy Socrates' going forth, Bible in hand, to give western
civilization absolute truth, the same absolute truth on which the
West was originally founded. This truth is the Christian Gospel.
Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came in fulfillment
of over 300 prophecies written centuries before His birth. No other
figure in all of history can make this claim. The fact that Jesus
would come to die for our sins and then be resurrected from the
dead is foretold by Old Testament prophecies. These prophecies give
Jesus Christ supernatural proof of His authority to give us absolute
truth
* * *
Bill Nugent, a defender of the Christian faith,
has written many articles on Christianity, philosophy and science.
He has also written books that give Bible based teaching on sanctification
and that caution against the error of legalism. His books are available
at his ministry website www.gracelawandsonship.com
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